Introduction
1. Basic introduction of computer.
2. History of computer and its generation.
3. Important of computer in 21st century.
- Pour supply casing mother boards cpu chipset real time clock bloc memory,
- Storage devices magnetic (Heard disk, floppy disk, optical cods and Doves)
In put out put
Parallel ports, serial parts, interfacing, CIDE, SATA, ATAPC.
Computer is the most powerful tools man river created. It made a great improvement on very acutely and functions.
Earlier computer were used just for scientific and engineering sector but now 75% to worked will be done using computer.
Ag Building block of pc
Computer is the complete system in itself. The computer as a system is in fact a combination of headwear and software components that jointly gives the necessary sconces to used.
Characteristics
Speed, Accurately, Diligence and versatility.
Limitation
No thanking, Non Intuition, No feeling.
Computer is a digital electronic processing device which has the capability of processing the information according to the list of internally stored incision le software.
Computer performs certain mathematical calculation and logical operation at a very high speed.
Advantages
1. Calculator accurately.
2. Stores the large amount of information in a small media.
3. Shows the result of calculation fast.
4. Links the Google information interchange.
5. Performs compiles task with higher speed.
6. Does several works.
Computer used today are digital computers. They manipulate numbers. They operate on digits 0and 1. They just understand binary number 0 and 1. Computer which can process analog quean titles is called an dog computer. Today analog computer are rarely used. Eerier analog computer to solve equation.
Computer classification
Modern computer are defined a follows.
1. Laptop computer also known palm pcs or PDA.
2. Notebook computer also called as laptop computer.
3. Desktop computer.
4. Servers.
5. Super computer.
History of computer
Today's computer was developed of a great change over a long period of time. The history of computer machines got started form several early form to the must modern high speed electronic computer.
Before all these people used to do the calculation using fingers, stones, sticks etc.
Abacus was an early aid for ma theatrical computations created by Chinese about 3000 years ago. It means a counting board. It is still used today for shopkeepers in Asia. In fad it is used to teach math for blind.
Napier's None: John Mapier Played a key role in history of computer. It is a small instrument contacted of ten rides in 1617, which was to carry out multiplication faster.
Slide Rile is the first analog computing device for multiplication and division used for engineers (corrupted in 1620) scales are used here.
Stepped Reckoned was developed in 1634 that could add, subtracts multiply, divide and evaluate square roots or by senile of stepped additions. This gear principle was employed in many mechanical calculation units they were replaced by electronic calculators in 1960's.
What is computer generation?
The development of electron computers had clearly helped to visualize the concept of computer. The function performed by the computer and speed and the size of computer has been charging.
It has been identified into different 5 stages which is taken as computer generation given blow.
1. First generation computer (1946-1954)
It was developed during 1946 to1954 Programming in 1st Generation was done is machine language
(instruction written in 0s and 1s) Later Assembly Language (Programs written in symbolic codes)
E.g. ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I, UNLVAC-II, IBM 650, EIOI etc
Features
I. Vacuums tubes were ware used for electronic circuits.
II. Used to consume high power electricity.
III. Too large and difficult to manage.
IV. Used for scientific calculations and record keeping.
2. Second generation computer (1955-1964)
Transistor replaced the vacuum tubes used in previous generation. During this period, also developed. People were able to work directly and store data punched cards used to print.
E.g. IBM 1401, B 5000, 200 Surtees, 400 Surtees, 1620, IBM 7090 etc.
Features
I. Transistor were used in place of vacuums tubes.
II. High level languages used also used.
III. The input output devices were factor.
IV. Reduced, size cost and electric power consumption.
V. It was more reliable.
3 .Third Generation computer (1965-1974)
Integrated circuit (IC) was started to be used. As well as later new semiconductor memories (RAM and ROM's) were used. Cache memory was also developed in 3rd generation. As well as microprogramming, parallel processing, Input start in this time. Printer was developed.
E.g. PDP II, 370 Series, CDC 7600, CDC's CYBER, STAR-100 etc.
Features
I. Integrated Circuit used in place of transistors.
II. Semiconductor memory used in place of magnetic core memory.
III. Minicomputers were introduced this time.
IV. Operating speed is high and size is smaller.
V. High level language was used widely.
VI. Better in performance and reliability.
4. Fourth Generation (1975-1990)
Microprocessor get started to be use as CPU, CLSI chips were used for CPU, me memory and supporting chips. Computer of this generation were vary fat. Herd dist were taken as secondary memory desk. Computers become so powerful. During this pried computer network-LANs and wins was also developed.
E.g. Motorola's 6800, 68020, 68030, and 68040base of computer, IBM 3090, CAX 9000 etc.
Features
I. Used large scale Integration and very large sauce Integration (LSI & VLSI)
II. Storage capacitor was much more increased.
III. User friendly computers built.
IV. Input output devices were versatile.
V. Comparatively small in size and great performance.
5. Fifth generation (1991-Continued):
ULS cultre-large scale Integration chips. Millions of transistors are placed in a single IC in ULSI chops. Computers using artificial intelligence (expect system) are now available. Robots have been developed 5th generation computer use extensive Parle processing, multiple pipelines, multiple processors etc.
The interesting fact is 5th generation computer understands several languages like Thailand, Chinese, Japanese and many more.
Features
I. Use of expect system.
II. Use of super conductor technology.
III. Use of parallel processing more CPU used.
IV. Use of knowledge-based problem solving techniques.
V. Use of natural language to operate computer and process database.
VI. Use of worldwide connecting network and communicating features.
Thus computer is having a great change in each generation. It was improved one by one. One day computer itself will do the programming, so user won't have to write program user tell and computer does the task.
Types of computers
On the basis of Activity computer are of basically two types
1. Analog computer
The computer which process analog Analog quantities is called analog computer.
- Designed to accept physical forces lilt temperature pressure, speed frequency etc.
E.g. 1. Thermometer: used to morose temperature of our body.
2. Speedometer: in cars to measure their speed.
2. Digital computer
- Computer which accepts discrete data (discontinuous data) is called digital computer.
1. This computer counts digits which represent number or character.
2. Most widely used.
3. Used in preparation of reports results tabulation graphics etc.
E.g. 1. 1 MB. PC-(International Business machine personal computer)
2. IBM compatible computers lice Micro-computers.
The composition of Analog computer and digital computer creates a new type called hybrid computer.
3 . Hybrid computer
In hybrid comssputer is a data processing device which uses both analog and discrete elate representation.
- It can perform tasks of both analog and digital computers.
- It cans transfer data from analog to digital.
- Used in scientific research, Industrial Application, Aero planes etc.
E.g. used in jet plane to provide information for safe flight.
Analog computer Digital computer
1. Deal with analog quantities.
2. Low accuracy and not versatile.
3. Slower computer.
4. Does only single purpose work.
5. Limited memory capacity. 1. Deal with discrete cleat.
2. High accuracy and versatile device
3. Hoer faster computer.
4. Does multipurpose task also.
5. Large memory capacity.
Types of digital computer
1. Super computer
A. Fastest large expensive and most powerful computer.
B. Have large memory with high processing speed.
C. Multiple CPU of thousands Microprocessor.
D. Consists of thousands Microprocessor.
E. Can be used by 1000s of users all a time.
F. Basically wad for scientist, animation geological work. Electronic designing etc.
2. Mainframe computer
A. Have massive data storage and processing capability.
B. Mainly used to handle information processing needs of organization like Banks, Insurance computer, Hospitals Railways.
C. Best minienvironment where a large number of users need to share a common facile such as Research Group, Educational in titular.
3. Mine computer
A. Can be used as single user work station some and un processor and some multiprocessor.
B. In un processor a single CPU and in multiprocessor multiple CPUs.
C. Most minicomputer use Motorola 68030.
